Author: SC
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1. Residential Construction Activity
The situation in Germany is very challenging for the construction sector at the moment and is expected to remain so for some quarters (into 2025-2026), given the lag effect of building permits on actual construction. Longer-term, however, there is a major opportunity if the up-trend in population growth (recently mostly driven by immigration) remains intact: the extraordinarily rapid decline in residential building permits is likely to lead to a significant shortage of homes in the medium term, which will need to be addressed by new construction.
Figure 1: German residential building permits per household. Source: Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis); Timber Finance.
2. Undersupply of Residential Real Estate
The German real estate transaction market has dried up in 2022 and 2023, back to levels last seen in 2010-2011, after the great financial crisis and during the European debt crisis, according to estimates by CBRE[1]. While German residential real estate prices have declined in 2023, rents continue to rise. Declining construction activity is expected to worsen these imbalances, potentially leading to even higher rents down the road. In March 2024, the German government introduced a tax incentive that should support new construction[2], but time will tell whether the effect of such measures will be noticeable. The fundamentals of the German housing market, however, appear solid. While birth rates are low, immigration to Germany has been strong, supporting demand. According to multiple metrics, the market is tight and undersupplied. The ZIA, a German industry body, estimated a housing deficit around 300-450’000 units (there might be a natural bias in the estimates of an industry body, though). This is also politically a hot topic – the German government set a goal of building 400’000 apartments per year; in 2023, slightly less than 300’000 new apartments were built – continuingly rising rents, create significant social tensions. Savills reports that vacancy rates in the top university cities in Germany are very low, around 1% on average; BNP estimated A-locations vacancy rates at 0.5% and West-Germany (without Berlin) at 1.9% in 2022[3]; both numbers highlight tight to very tight markets. With interest rates stabilising (not even necessarily decreasing) and rents increasing, it should become increasingly attractive to start building again.
Figure 2: Rental Index in major German regions; home price and construction cost index. Source: Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis).
The rental price index has been steadily on the rise in the last 20 years, at least in core regions. It is also expected to rise further, as inflation is passed on to tenants with some lag. In Figure 2 we see how real estate prices accelerated after 2013, strongly outpacing the rise in rents. This was also in part driven by the ultra-low interest rates regime that compressed yields on virtually every income-generating asset. Complicating the picture is the fact that construction costs have increased strongly, more in line with the rise in real estate prices, than with the rise in rents. This means that yield compression remains an issue for developers and their clients looking for RE investments, at least in certain projects.
3. Renovation and non-Residential Construction
In the meantime, the non-residential sector as well as residential renovations remain relatively resilient. Secular trends like energy efficiency provide support for renovation, with certain manufacturers of secondary products (e.g., wood fibre insulation, like Steico in our universe) that may at least partially compensate the slowdown in new construction. Developers (like UBM in our timber universe) that are not only focused on residential projects but are active for example in business parks, may also find some support from non-residential demand, although this is unlikely to entirely offset the residential tailwinds. On the optimistic side, the market is already pricing in a significant degree of pessimism (think of UBM trading around 60% of book value at the time of writing), which provides upside in case of positive surprises.
Figure 3: German building permits for new residential buildings, new commercial buildings, and renovations. 12-month moving average of the original series. Source: Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis); Timber Finance.
[1] https://mediaassets.cbre.com/-/media/cbre/countrygermany/insights/2024_cbre_real_estate_market_outlook_en.pdf?rev=f36328e11adc48ada76e7cff78630f3e
[2] https://zia-deutschland.de/pressrelease/immobilienwirtschaft-zum-wachstumschancengesetz-votum-des-bundesrats-sieg-der-vernunft-auf-dem-weg-zu-mehr-wohnungen/
[3] https://www.realestate.bnpparibas.de/en/market-reports/residential-market/germany-report
4. Disclosures and Conflicts of Interest
Some or all the companies mentioned in this report may be included in the Timber Finance Forest-Based Construction Basket tracker and are part of the Timber Finance Carbon Capture & Storage Index. Timber Finance Management and/or the Timber Finance Initiative may have commercial relationships or be in discussions with some of the companies mentioned in this report. Specifically, Stora Enso is a member of the Timber Finance Initiative association.
Please note that this research is prepared for information purposes and targeted to institutional investors in Switzerland. They do not represent investment advice and do not take into consideration the individual requirements, risk tolerance and goals of an investor. Recipients who are not Swiss institutional investors should seek the advice of their independent financial advisor prior to taking any investment decision based on this report or for any necessary explanation of its contents.
The information presented in this report is obtained from several different public sources that we consider to be reliable. Nevertheless, we cannot guarantee the accuracy of the presented information. The information used may change quickly and we are not committed or obliged to modify the reports base on new information. The opinions and views expressed in this report reflect those of the author at the point in time of its compilation and may vary at any time. Valuation methods like DCF and any other analysis or expert judgement do not provide any guarantee that the target price or fair value will be reached, for example because of unforeseen changes in financial or economic conditions.
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